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Abalone: a large mollusk of the genus Haliotis, having a bowllike shell bearing a row of respiratory holes, the flesh of which is used for food and the shell for ornament and as a source of mother-of-pearl.
Agate: a variegated chalcedony showing curved, colored bands or other markings.
Amazonite: a green feldspar, a variety of microcline, used as an ornamental material.
Amber: a pale yellow, sometimes reddish or brownish, fossil resin of vegetable origin, translucent, brittle, and capable of gaining a negative electrical charge by friction and of being an excellent insulator: used for making jewelry and other ornamental articles.
Amazonite: a green feldspar, a variety of microcline, used as an ornamental material. Also called Amazon stone.
Amethyst: a purple or violet quartz, used as a gem.
Apatite: a common mineral, calcium fluorophosphate, Ca5FP3O12, occurring in individual crystals and in masses and varying in color.
Aquamarine: a transparent, light-blue or greenish-blue variety of beryl, used as a gem.
Aventurine: any of several varieties of minerals, esp. quartz or feldspar, spangled with bright particles of mica, hematite, or other minerals.
Azurite: a blue mineral, a hydrous copper carbonate, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2: an ore of copper
Beryl: a mineral, beryllium aluminum silicate, Be3Al2Si6O18, usually green, but also blue, rose, white, and golden, and both opaque and transparent, the latter variety including the gems emerald and aquamarine: the principal ore of beryllium.
Bloodstone: a greenish variety of chalcedony with small bloodlike spots of red jasper scattered through it.
Calcite: one of the commonest minerals, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, found in a great variety of crystalline forms: a major constituent of limestone, marble, and chalk; calc-spar.
Carnelian: a red or reddish variety of chalcedony, used in jewelry.
Chalcedony: a microcrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, often milky or grayish.
Chrysocolla: a mineral, hydrous copper silicate, CuSiO3·2H2O, occurring in compact, green or blue masses, sometimes used in ornaments.
Chrysoprase: a green variety of chalcedony, sometimes used as a gem.
Citrine: a translucent, yellow variety of quartz, often sold as topaz; false topaz; topaz quartz.
Coral: the hard, variously colored, calcareous skeleton secreted by certain marine polyps.
Corundum: a common mineral, aluminum oxide, Al2O3, notable for its hardness: transparent varieties, as sapphire and ruby, are used as gems, other varieties as abrasives: often made synthetically.
Crocidolite: A fibrous, lavender-blue or greenish mineral, a sodium iron silicate that is used as a commercial form of asbestos.
Diamond: a pure or nearly pure, extremely hard form of carbon, naturally crystallized in the isometric system.
Emerald: a rare variety of beryl that is colored green by chromium and valued as a gem.
Feldspar: any of a group of minerals, principally aluminosilicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium, characterized by two cleavages at nearly right angles: one of the most important constituents of igneous rocks.
Fluorite: a common mineral, calcium fluoride, CaF2, occurring in green, blue, purple, yellow, or colorless crystals, usually in cubes: the principal source of fluorine, used also as a flux in metallurgy and for ornament.
Garnet: any of a group of hard, vitreous minerals, silicates of calcium, magnesium, iron, or manganese with aluminum or iron, varying in color: a deep-red transparent variety is used as a gem and as an abrasive.
Hematite: a very common mineral, iron oxide, Fe2O3, occurring in steel-gray to black crystals and in red earthy masses: the principal ore of iron.
Iolite: a magnesium iron aluminium cyclosilicate. Iron is almost always present and a solid solution exists between Mg-rich cordierite and Fe-rich sekaninaite with a series formula: (Mg,Fe)2Al4Si5O18 to (Fe,Mg)2Al4Si5O18.
Jade: common name for either of two minerals used as gems. The rarer variety of jade is jadeite, a sodium aluminum silicate, NaAl(SiO3)2, usually white or green in color; the green variety is the more valuable. The commoner and less costly variety of jade is nephrite, a calcium magnesium iron silicate of varying composition, white to dark green in color. Jade has been prized by the Chinese and Japanese, as well as by pre-Colombian Mesoamerican peoples, as the most precious of all gems. The Chinese in particular are known for the objets d'art they carve from it, and they traditionally associated it with the five cardinal virtues: charity, modesty, courage, justice, and wisdom; they also attributed healing powers to it. It was much used for implements by ancient peoples, especially in Mexico, Switzerland, France, Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and New Zealand. Jadeite is found in upper Myanmar, in Japan, and in Guatemala; nephrite in New Zealand, Turkistan, Siberia, China, Silesia, Wyoming, California, and British Columbia.
Jasper: a compact, opaque, cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, usually colored red: often used in decorative carvings.
Lapis
lazuli: gem, deep blue, violet, or greenish blue in color and usually
flecked with yellow iron pyrites. It is composed of lazurite, a complex
sodium aluminum silicate, mixed with other minerals, and is usually found
in masses, rather than in crystals, in metamorphosed limestones. Sources
of supply are Afghanistan, Chile, Siberia, upper Myanmar, California, and
Colorado. It was formerly made into vases and bowls and has been used from
ancient times for beads and small ornaments. It was also extensively used
in mosaics and was the sapphire
of the ancients.
Labradorite: a variety of plagioclase feldspar.
Marcasite: A pyrite crystal crystallized in the orthorhombic system, which is often used for jewelry ornaments.
Malachite: a green mineral, basic copper carbonate, Cu2CO3(OH)2, an ore of copper, used for making ornamental articles.
Mica: any member of a group of minerals, hydrous silicates of aluminum with other bases, chiefly potassium, magnesium, iron, and lithium, that separate readily into thin, tough, often transparent, and usually elastic laminae; isinglass.
Microcrystalline: minutely crystalline; composed of microscopic crystals.
Moonstone: Also called precious moonstone. a semitransparent or translucent, opalescent, pearly-blue variety of adularia, used as a gem.
Mother of Pearl: a hard, iridescent substance that forms the inner layer of certain mollusk shells, used for making buttons, beads, etc.
Obsidian: a volcanic glass similar in composition to granite, usually dark but transparent in thin pieces, and having a good conchoidal fracture.
Olivine: any of a group of magnesium iron silicates, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, occurring in olive-green to gray-green masses as an important constituent of basic igneous rocks.
Onyx: a variety of chalcedony having straight parallel bands of alternating colors.
Opal: a mineral, an amorphous form of silica, SiO2 with some water of hydration, found in many varieties and colors, including a form that is milky white.
Peridot: a green transparent variety of olivine, used as a gem.
Prehnite: a mineral, hydrous calcium aluminum silicate, Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2, occurring in light-green reniform aggregates or tabular crystals.
Pyrite: a very common brass-yellow mineral, iron disulfide, FeS2, with a metallic luster, burned to sulfur dioxide in the manufacture of sulfuric acid: chemically similar to marcasite, but crystallizing in the isometric system.
Qilin: The Qilin also spelled Kylin, or Kirin (Japanese and Korean) is a mythical hooved Chinese chimerical creature known throughout various East Asian cultures, and is said to appear in conjunction with the arrival of a sage. It is a good omen that brings rui (roughly translated as "serenity" or "prosperity"). It is often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body. The Qilin is sometimes misidentified as an Asian Unicorn.
Quartz: one of the commonest minerals, silicon dioxide, SiO2, having many varieties that differ in color, luster, etc., and occurring either in masses (as agate, bloodstone, chalcedony, jasper, etc.) or in crystals (as rock crystal, amethyst, citrine, etc.): the chief constituent of sand and sandstone, and an important constituent of many other rocks. It is piezoelectric and used to control the frequencies of radio transmitters.
Rhodochrosite: a mineral, manganese carbonate, MnCO3, commonly containing some iron and calcium, and usually rose-red in color: a minor ore of manganese; manganese spar.
Rhodonite: a mineral, manganese metasilicate, MnSiO3, occurring usually in rose-red masses, sometimes used as an ornamental stone; manganese spar.
Ruby: a red variety of corundum, used as a gem.
Sapphire: any gem variety of corundum other than the ruby, esp. one of the blue varieties.
Septarian: a concretionary nodule or mass, usually of calcium carbonate or of argillaceous carbonate of iron, traversed within by a network of cracks filled with calcite and other minerals.
Serpentine: a common mineral, hydrous magnesium silicate, H2Mg3Si2O2, usually oily green and sometimes spotted, occurring in many varieties: used for architectural and decorative purposes.
Sodalite: a mineral, sodium aluminum silicate, Na4Al3Si3O12Cl, occurring massive and in crystals, usually blue in color and found in certain alkali-rich igneous rocks.
Sterling Silver: silver having a fineness of 0.925, now used esp. in the manufacture of table utensils, jewelry, etc.
Sunstone: a reddish variety of oligoclase feldspar, used as a gem, having a red and bright-yellow play of color.
Tiger's Eye: a golden-brown chatoyant stone used for ornament, formed by the alteration of crocidolite, and consisting essentially of quartz colored by iron oxide.
Topaz: a mineral, a fluosilicate of aluminum, usually occurring in prismatic orthorhombic crystals of various colors, and used as a gem.
Tourmaline: any of a group of silicate minerals of complex composition, containing boron, aluminum, etc., usually black but having various colored, transparent varieties used as gems.
Turquoise: Also, turquois. an opaque mineral, a basic hydrous copper aluminum phosphate often containing a small amount of iron, sky-blue or greenish-blue in color, cut cabochon as a gem.
Unakite: First discovered in the United States in the Unakas mountains of North Carolina, unakite is an altered granite composed of pink orthoclase feldspar, green epidote, and generally clear quartz. It exists in various shades of green and pink and is usually mottled in appearance. In good quality unakite is considered a semiprecious stone, will take a good polish and is often used in jewelry and other lapidary work such as eggs, spheres and carvings. It is also referred to as epidotized granite. In some of the Blue Ridge occurrences an epidotized augen gneiss is present exhibiting foliation structures. Unakite can be found as pebbles and cobbles from glacial drift in the beach rock on the shores of Lake Superior. It is the state stone of Virginia, where it is found in the river valleys after having been washed down from the Blue Ridge Mountains. Unakite is not limited to the United States, and is reported from South Africa, Brazil, and China as well as the United States. Some material labeled unakite lacks the quartz and is more properly epidosite.